Robustness of open car parks under localised fire

Cécile Haremza

Publications

Publication Details

Title

Robustness of open car parks under localised fire

Authors

Cécile Haremza

Abstract

The growing number of cars in Europe during the last decades, as well as the amount of large shopping centres, airports and railway stations, have considerably increased the number of open car park buildings. An easy and low cost way for the construction of these open car park buildings is to use a composite steel-concrete structure. Under fire situation, flash-over is unlikely to occur in these opened compartments and localised fires should be considered. When a localised fire develops in an unprotected steel composite car park, it leads to the heating of some of the nearby structural elements: connections, beams and columns. The loss of a column under localised fire induces large vertical displacements in the above floors. To reach equilibrium in the deformed configuration and avoid progressive collapse of the building, membrane forces in the slabs, and catenary forces in beam elements should develop. So, during the event, the beam-to-column connections are subject to particular load sequences mainly involving bending moments and axial forces. These connections are also required to have sufficient ductility in order to sustain large rotations without brittle damages. Therefore, sufficient robustness should be provided to the structure at the design stage.
The research work presented in this thesis is based on the European RFCS ROBUSTFIRE project, and the National IMPACTFIRE project. The various stages of this work are related to a case study involving a structural configuration that represents a typical open car park building. The considered scenario is the loss of a column due to a localised fire (burning cars), and the strong restraints to the beams provided by part of the building not directly affected by this accident are taken into account. The behaviour of steel- concrete composite beam-to-column joints in open car park buildings under column loss scenario, due to fire, is investigated in detail. The main objective is to provide a detailed analysis of the heated joint behaviour subject to variable bending moments and axial loads when the column fails. First, a review of current practice and state of the art in the design and assessment of open car parks subject to localised fire is performed. Then the investigation is based on experimental, numerical and analytical results:
i) Seven experimental tests are performed on composite steel-concrete beam-to- column joints under different combinations of bending moments and axial forces, considering isothermal conditions, and also one transient temperature scenario.
ii) Detailed 3D numerical models of the heated joint are developed to reproduce the experimental tests.
iii) Finally, the influence of some parameters that affect the robustness of this type of building (such as temperature, beam span, joint size, etc....) are studied using the developed numerical models and an existing analytical procedure.
In conclusion, due to the low slenderness of the composite beam, high deformations are necessary to develop catenary action, and in these conditions, this topology of composite joint does not possess sufficient capacity of rotation to reach the equilibrium deformed configuration.
Keywords:
Steel-concrete joint | Localised fire | Bending moment-axial force interaction | Experimental tests | Numerical analysis

References

(Abaqus, 2012) Abaqus 6.12, Theory Manual and Users Manuals, Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp., 2012.
(Akbarpour and Ekrami, 2008) Akbarpour MR, Ekrami A. Effect of temperature on flow and work hardening behavior of high bainite dual phase (HBDP) steels. Material Science and Engineering;475(1–2):293–8, 2008.
(Alashker et al., 2010) Alashker, Y., El-Tawil, S., and Sadek, F. “Progressive Collapse Resistance of Steel-Concrete Composite Floors”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 136(10), 1187-1196, 2010.
(Al-Jabri et al., 2008) Al-Jabri K.S., Davison J.B., Burgess I.W. “Performance of beam-to- column joints in fire - A review”. Fire Safety Journal 43, 50-62, 2008.
(Anderberg, 1988) Anderberg Y. “Modelling steel behaviour”, Fire Safety J 13(1):17–26, 1988.
(Arbed, 2001) EC1-1-2/71, “Background document on Localized fires according to Annex C of prEN1991-1-2 (24-08-2001)”, Profil ARBED, Centre de Recherches, CEN/TC250/SC1/N339, 2001.
(ArcelorMittal, 1996) ArcelorMittal – “Car parks in steel”, Comercial Sections, 1996, 30p.
(ArcelorMittal, 2007) ArcelorMittal – “Parkings aériens métalliques largement ventilés”, Les carnets de l’acier No 9, 2007, 34p.
(Aribert and Randriantsar, 1980) Aribert J.M. and Randriantsara C., “Etude du flambement à des temperatures d’incendie - Action du fluage”. Construction Métallique, No. 4, 1980.
(Aribert and Randriantsar, 1983) Aribert J.M. and Randriantsara C. “Sur une modélisation du flambement des poteaux métalliques dans des conditions d’incendie”, Third International Colloquium on Stability of Metal Structures, Preliminary Report, CTICM, Paris, 1983.
(Bennetts et al., 1987) Bennetts I.D., Proe D.J., Lewins R.R., Thomas I.R. “Fire and Unprotected Steel in Closed Car Parks”. BHP Melbourne, Research Laboratories Report Number MRL/PS98/87/001, August 1987.
(Block, 2006) Block F. “Development of a component-based finite element for steel beam- to-column connections at elevated temperature”. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK, 2006.
(Bursi and Jaspart, 1997) Bursi O.S., Jaspart J.P., “Benchmarks for finite element modelling of bolted steel connections”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol 43, pp. 17-42, 1997.
(Butcher et al., 1968) Butcher E.G., Langdon-Thomas G.H., Bedford G.K. “Fire Car Park Buildings”, Fire note 10, HMSO, U.K, July 1968.
(Byström et al., 2014) Byström, A., Sjöström, J., Wickström, U., Lange D., Veljkovic, M. “Large scale test on a steel column exposed to localized fire”, Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, Vol.5, no2, 2014.
(Cajot et al., 2003) Cajot, L.-G., Mathieu, J., Thomas, L. – “Les structures métalliques pour les parkings ouverts”, La revue de Métallurgie-CIT, Novembre 2003, 8p.
(Cerfontaine, 2004) Cerfontaine F. “Etude de l’interaction entre moment de flexion et effort normal dans les assemblages boulonnés”. PhD thesis presented at the University of Liège. Belgium, 2004.
(Chapman and Balakrishnan, 1964) Chapman J.C., Balakrishnan S. “Experiments on composite beams”. The Structural Engineering, 42(11), 369–83, 1964.
(Cooke and Latham, 1987) Cooke G.M.E., Latham D.J. “The inherent fire resistance of a loaded steel framework”. Steel Construction Today, 1, 49-58, 1987.
(Comeliau, 2009) Comeliau L., “Effects of the dynamic behaviour of steel structures further to a column loss (in French)”, Master thesis, University of Liège, Belgium, 2009.
(Corus, 2004) Corus, 2004 – “Steel-framed car parks”, Corus Construction & Industrial, 2004.
(Cwiklinski, 2001) Cwiklinski C. – “Parcs de stationnement en superstructure largement ventilés – Avis d’expert sur les scénarios d’incendie”, Rapport final, INERIS DRA- CCw/MCh-2001-cgr22984, 2001, 26p.
(Demonceau, 2008) Demonceau J.F. “Steel and composite building frames: sway response under conventional loading and development of membrane effects in beams further to an exceptional action”. PhD thesis presented at the University of Liège. Belgium, 2008.
(Demonceau and Jaspart, 2010) Demonceau J-F, Jaspart J-P. “Experimental test simulating a column loss in a composite frame”, Advanced Steel Construction: an International Journal;6(3):891–913, 2010.
(Demonceau et al., 2011) Demonceau J.-F., Comeliau L., Jaspart J.-P., “Robustness of building structures – Recent developments and adopted strategy”, 6th European Conference on Steel and Composite Structures, EUROSTEEL, Budapest, Hungary, pp.2475-2480, 2011.
(Demonceau et al., 2013) Demonceau J.F., Huvelle C., Comeliau L., Hoang L. V., Jaspart J.P., Fang C., et al. “Robustness of car parks against localised fire (Robustfire)”, European Commission, Grant Agreement Number RFSR-CT-2008-00036, Final report, EUR 25864, 2013.
(Diário da República, 2008a) “Portaria no1532/2008”, Diário da República, 1a série, N.o 250, 29 de Dezembro, 2008, p9050-9127.
(Diário da República, 2008b) “Decreto-Lei no220/2008”, Diário da República, 1a série, N.o 220, 2008, p7903-7922.
(ECCS, 1993) ECCS, “Fire Safety in Open Car Parks”, Modern Fire Engineering, Technical Committee 3, no75, European Convention for Constructional Steelwork: Brussels, Belgium, 1993, 90p.
(EN 1990, 2002) “Eurocode – Basis of structural design”, European committee for standardization, April 2002, 87p.
(EN 1991-1-1, 2002) “Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-1: General actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings”, European committee for standardization, April 2002, 44p.
(EN 1991-1-2, 2002) “Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-2: General actions – Actions on structures exposed to fire”, European committee for standardization, November 2002, 59p.
(EN 1991-1-7, 2006). Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1–7: General actions – Accidental actions. European committee for standardization; July 2006.
(EN 1992-1-1, 2004). “Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings”, European committee for standardization, December 2004.
(EN 1992-1-2, 2004) “Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire design”. European committee for standardization, December 2004.
(EN 1993-10, 1990). “Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures, Part 10: Structural Fire Design”. Draft April 1990.
(EN 1993-1-2, 2005) “Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire design”, European committee for standardization, April 2005, 78p.
(EN 1993-1-8, 2005). “Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-8: Design of joints”, European committee for standardization, May 2005.
(EN 1994-1-1, 2004). “Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings”. European committee for standardization, December 2004.
(EN 1994-1-2, 2005) “Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures – Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire design”, European committee for standardization, August 2005, 109p.
(EN 10025-4, 2004) EN 10025–4:2004. Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels. European committee for standardization; November 2004.
(Faber, 2011) Faber M, editor. Robustness of structures: final report of COST action TU0601. Prague, Czech Republic: Czech Technical University, Klokner Institute; 2011.
(Fang, 2012) Fang C., “Robustness of multi-storey steel-composite structures under localised fire”, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Imperial College London, UK, 2012.
(Fang et al., 2011) Fang C., Izzuddin B.A., Elghazouli A.Y., Nethercot D.A. “Robustness of steel-composite building structures subject to localised fire”, Fire Safety Journal 46, 348-363, 2011.
(Fang et al., 2012) Fang C., Izzuddin B.A., Obiala R., Elghazouli A.Y., Nethercot D.A. “Robustness of multi-storey car parks under vehicule fire”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 75, p.72-84, 2012.
(Fang et al., 2013) Fang C., Izzuddin B.A., Elghazouli A.Y., Nethercot D.A. “Robustness of multi-storey car parks under localised fire – Towards practical design recommendations”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 90, p.193-208, 2013.
(Ferraz, 2014) Ferraz G., “Thermal analysis of steel columns exposed to localised fires”, Master Thesis, University of Coimbra, 2014.
(Foley et al., 2008) Foley, C. M., Barnes, K. M., Schneeman, C. L. “Quantifying and Enhancing Robustness in Steel Structures: Part 2--Floor-Framing Systems”, Engineering Journal, AISC, 45(4), pp. 267–287, 2008.
(Franssen et al., 1995) Franssen J.M., Cooke G.M.E., Latham D.J. “Numerical Simulation of a Full Scale Fire Test on a Loaded Steel Framework”. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 35, 377-408, 1995.
(Franssen and Vila Real, 2010) Franssen J.-M., Vila Real P. “Fire Design of Steel Structures”, ECCS Eurocode Design Manuals, Ernst & Sohn, 1st Edition, 2010.
(Fraud et al., 2004) Fraud C., Zhao B., Joyeux D., Kruppa J. – “Guide pour la vérification du comportement au feu de parcs de stationnement largement ventilés en superstructure métallique”, CTICM, INSI – 03/233d – BZ/PB, 2004, 75p.
(Gewain, 1973) Gewain, R. G. “Fire Experience and Fire Tests in Automobile Parking Structures”, Fire Journal, 67 (4): 50-54, 1973.
(Giżejowski et al., 2013) Gizejowski M.A., Szwed A., Saleh A. A. K., Barcewicz W. “Joint moment-rotation characteristic in light of experimental simulations of frame column loss”, Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture, z. 60 (2/13), 51 – 76, 2013.
(Hanus, 2010) Hanus F., “Analysis of simple connections in steel structures subjected to natural fires”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liège, Belgium, 2010.
(Hanus et al., 2011) Hanus F., Zilli G., Franssen J.-M. “Behaviour of Grade 8.8 bolts under natural fire conditions - Tests and model”, Journal of Constr. Steel Research 67, 1292-1298, 2011.
(Haremza et al., 2009) Haremza C., Santiago A., Simões da Silva L., Franssen J.M. “Benchmark example 2: Composite beam”. Internal document, University of Coimbra, ROBUSTFIRE Project, September 2009.
(Haremza et al., 2013a) Cécile Haremza, Aldina Santiago, Luís S. da Silva, “Experimental behaviour of heated composite steel-concrete joints subject to variable bending moments and axial forces”, Engineering Structures 51, p150-165, 2013.
(Haremza et al., 2013b) Haremza, C., Santiago, A., Simões da Silva, L. “Design of steel and composite open car parks under fire”, International Journal of Advanced Steel Construction, Vol. 9, No. 4, p.350-368, Dec. 2013.
(Hasemi and Tokunaga, 1984) Hasemi Y., Tokunaga T., “Flame geometry effects on the buoyant plumes from turbulent diffusion flames”, Fire Science and Technology, Vol.4-1, pp.15-26, 1984.
(Heidarpour, 2007) Heidarpour A. “Behaviour of steel and steel-concrete composite beams and beam-to-column connections at elevated temperatures”. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, November 2007.
(Heskestad, 1995) Heskestad, G. “Fire plumes”, The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Quincy, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, pp. 2-9, 1995.
(Hu, 2009) Hu Y., “Robustness of flexible end-plate connections under fire conditions”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sheffield, Dep. of Civil and Structural Eng., 2009.
(Huang et al., 1999) Huang Z., Burgess I.W., Plank R.J. “The influence of shear connectors on the behaviour of composite steel-framed buildings in fire”. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 51, 219-237, 1999.
(Huang et al., 2006) Huang Z.F., Tan K.H., Ting S.K., “Heating rate and boundary restraint effects on fire resistance of steel columns with creep”, Engineering Structures 28, 805-817, 2006.
(ISO 834-1, 1999) “Fire-resistance tests - Elements of building construction - Part 1: General requirements”, International Standard, 1st Edition, 1999.
(Imedio et al., 2004) Imedio O., Gómez F. J., Caballero L., Valiente A. “Ductilidad a alta temperatura de aceros de construcción de los tipos S460 y S275”, Anales de Mecánica de la Fractura, 21, 2004.
(Izzuddin, 1991) Izzuddin, B.A. “Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Framed Structures”. PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Imperial College, University of London, UK, 1991.
(Izzuddin et al., 2007) Izzuddin, B.A., Vlassis, A.G., Elghazouli, A.Y., and Nethercot, D.A.. "Assessment of Progressive Collapse in Multi-Storey Buildings". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Structures and Buildings, 160(4), pp. 197-205, 2007.
(Izzuddin et al., 2008) Izzuddin, B.A., Vlassis, A.G., Elghazouli, A.Y., and Nethercot, D.A. “Progressive Collapse of Multi-Storey Buildings due to Sudden Column Loss - Part I: Simplified Assessment Framework”. Engineering Structures 30, 1308-1318, 2008.
(Jaspart, 1991) Jaspart, J-P. Etude de la semi-rigidité des noeuds poutre-colonne et son influence sur la résistance des ossatures en acier (in French). PhD thesis, Department MSM, University of Liège, Belgium; 1991.
(Jaspart, 1999) Jaspart, J.-P. “Semi-rigid behaviour of civil engineering structural connections – Recent advances in the field of structural steel joints and their representation in the building frame analysis and design process”, COST C1, Edited by Jaspart J.-P., European Commission, 1999.
(Jaspart and Demonceau, 2007) Jaspart, J.-P., Demonceau, J.-F. “Contribution to the derivation of robustness requirements for steel and composite structures”, 5th International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures, Editors: J.Y. Richard Liew & Y.S. Choo, Singapore, 5-7 December, 2007.
(Jaspart et al., 2008) Jaspart J.P., Demonceau J.F., Nethercot D. A., Simões da Silva L., Zhao B., Dhima D., Gens F., Obiala R., et al. “Proposal overview submission form, RFCS ROBUSTFIRE project”, European commission, 2008.
(Jaspart et al., 2011) Jaspart J.P., Demonceau J.F., Comeliau L., “Standards and design guides”, Robustness of steel structures, Spring school in Coimbra, Portugal, May 2011.
(Joyeux et al., 2001) Joyeux D., Kruppa J., Zhao B. “Application de l’ingénierie de la sécurité incendie à un parc à voitures en superstructure”. Construction Métallique, n° 1, 2001 (in French).
(Joyeux et al., 2002) Joyeux D., Kruppa, J., Cajot L.-G., Schleich J.-B., Van de Leur P., Twilt L. “Demonstration of real fire tests in car parks and high buildings”, European Commission, Contract no 7215-PP/025 (1993 – 1996), CTICM, Final Report, EUR 20466 EN, 2002, 168p.
(Kamikawa et al., 2003) Kamikawa, D., Hasemi, Y., Wakamatsu, T. & Kagiya, K., 2003. Experimental Flame Heat Transfer Correlations For A Steel Column Adjacent To And Surrounded By A Pool Fire. Fire Safety Science 7, pp. 989-1000, 2003.
(Kato et al., 1990) Kato, B., Aoki, H., Yamanouchi, H. “Standardized mathematical expression for stress-strain relations of structural steel under monotonic and uniaxial tension loading”, Materials and Structures/Matériaux et Constructions, 23, 47-58, 1990.
(Kodur and Dwaikat, 2010) Kodur V.K.R., Dwaikat M.M.S. “Effect of high temperature creep on the fire response of restrained steel beams”, Materials and Structures 43, p. 1327-1341, 2010.
(Kozłowski et al., 2011) Kozłowski A., Giżejowski M., Ślęczka L., Pisarek Z., Saleh B., “Experimental investigations of the joint behaviour – Robustness assessment of steel and steel-concrete composite frames”, 6th European Conference on Steel and Composite Structures, EUROSTEEL, Budapest, Hungary, pp.339-344, 2011.
(Kruppa and Zhao, 1995) Kruppa J., Zhao B. “Fire resistance of composite beams to Eurocode 4 Part 1.2”. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 33, 51-69, 1995.
(Kuhlmann et al., 1998) Kuhlmann U., Davison J.B., Kattner M. “Structural systems and rotation capacity”, in: Proceedings of the COST Conference on Control of the Semi-rigid Behaviour of Civil Engineering Structural Connections, Liege, Belgium, 1998, pp. 167–76.
(Kuhlmann et al., 2007) Kuhlmann U., Rölle L., Jaspart J.-P., Demonceau J.-F., Vassart O., Weynand K., Ziller C., Busse E., Lendering M., Zandonini R., Baldassino N., “Design Guidance, Handbook-001”. ROBUSTNESS: RFS-CR-04046., 2007.
(Kuhlmann et al., 2009) Kuhlmann U., Rölle L., Jaspart J.-P., Demonceau J.-F., Vassart O., Weynand K., Ziller C., Busse E., Lendering M., Zandonini R., Baldassino N., “Robust structures by joint ductility”, Research Fund for Coal and Steel, Contract No RFSR-CT-2004-00046, Final report, European commission, EUR 23611 EN, 2009.
(Le Pense, 2002), Le Pense P., “Les parkings aériens en structure acier: développements récents / Multi-storey car parks in steel structure: last developments”, La Revue de Métallurgie-CIT, p867-874, Octobre 2002.
(Li, 2004) Li Y. “Assessement of Vehicle Fires in New Zealand Parking Buildings”. Fire Engineering Research Report 04/2, Master Thesis, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, May 2004.
(Li and Spearpoint, 2007) Li Y., Spearpoint M. “Analysis of Vehicle Fire Statistics in New Zealand Parking Buildings”. Fire Technology, 43, 93-106, 2007.
(Lima et al., 2004) Lima L, Simões da Silva L, Vellasco P, Andrade S. Experimental behaviour of extended end-plate beam-to-column joints subjected to bending and axial force. Eng Struct 2004;26(10):1333–47.
(Liu, 2010) Liu J.L., “Preventing progressive collapse through strengthening beam-to- column connection, Part 1: Theoretical analysis”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 66, 229-237, 2010.
(Lopes et al., 2013) Lopes F., Santiago A., Igbal N., Veljkovic M., da Silva J. e Simões da Silva L., “Evaluation of the reverse channel connections to cft columns in the full- scale fire tests”; 2° CILASCI - Congresso Ibero-Latino-Americano sobre Segurança contra Incêndio, pp. 385-394, Coimbra, June 2013.
(Luu, 2009) Luu N.N.H. “Structural response of steel and composite building frames further to an impact leading to the loss of a column”, PhD Thesis, University of Liège, Belgium, 2009.
(Mangs and Keski-Rahkonen, 1994) Mangs J., Keski-Rahkonen O. "Characterisation of the Fire Behaviour of a Burning Passenger Car. Part I: Car fire experiments." Fire Safety Journal, 23, 17 – 35, 1994.
(Moniteur Belge, 2007) “Arrêté royal fixant les mesures en matière de prévention contre l’incendie et l’explosion auxquelles les parkings fermés doivent satisfaire pour le stationnement des véhicules LPG”, Moniteur Belge, Belgisch Staatsblad. Ed. 3, 33997, 20 of June, 2007, p33997.
(Morovat et al., 2012) Morovat M. A., Engelhardt M. D., Helwig T. A., Taleff E. M., “High- temperature creep buckling phenomenon of steel columns subjected to fire”, 7th International Conference on Structures in Fire, M. Fontana, A. Frangi, M. Knobloch (Eds.), Zurich, Switzerland, June 6-8, 2012.
(Nethercot, 2011) Nethercot D.A., “Design of building structures to improve their ressitance to progressive collapse”, The twelfth east asia-pacific conference on structural engineering and construction, Procedia Engineering 14, 1-13, 2011.
(Nguyen and Kim, 2009) Nguyen H. T., Kim S. E. “Finite element modelling of push-out tests for large stud shear connectors”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 65, p.1909-1920, 2009.
(NP EN 206-1, 2007) “Concrete – Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity”, Norma Portuguesa, Instituto Português da Qualidade, Portugal, 2007.
(NP EN 1991-1-2, 2010) “Eurocódigo 1: Acções em estruturas – Parte 1-2: Acções gerais – Acções em estruturas expostas ao fogo”, Instituto Português da Qualidade, 2010, p63.
(OneSteel, 2004) “Economical Carparks – A Design Guide”. Australia, 2nd edition, 2004.
(Pereira, 2012) Pereira, M. “Robustness of multi-storey steel-composite buildings under column loss: rate-sensitivity and probabilistic framework”, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Imperial College London, UK, 2012.
(Qiuang et al., 2012) Qiuang X, Bijlaard F, Kolstein H. “Deterioration of mechanical properties of high strength structural steel S460N under steady state fire condition”, Mater Des 2012; 36:438-42, 2012.
(Qureshi et al., 2011) Qureshi J., Lam D., Ye J. “The influence of profiled sheeting thickness and shear connector’s position on strength and ductility of headed shear connector”, Engineering Structures 33, p.1643-1656, 2011.
(Riaux, 1980) Riaux H. “Comportement à l’incendie des assemblages simples boulonnés”, Ph.D. Thesis, INSA of Rennes, 1980.
(Richard Liew et al., 2004) Richard liew J.Y., Teo T.H., Shanmugam N.E. “Composite joints subject to reversal of loading – Part 2: analytical assessments”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, p.247-268, 2004.
(Santiago, 2008) Santiago A. “Behaviour of beam-to-column steel joints under natural fire”. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 2008.
(Santiago et al., 2009) Santiago A., Haremza C., Simões da Silva L. and Rodrigues J.P. “Numerical Behaviour of Steel Columns subject to Localized Fire Loading”. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing, B.H.V. Topping, L.F., Costa Neves and R.C. Barros, (Editors), Civil-Comp Press, Stirlingshire, Scotland, 2009.
(Sarraj et al., 2007) Sarraj M., Burgess I.W., Davison J.B., Plank R.J. “Development of a component model approach to fin-plate connections in fire”, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Steel and Composite Structures (Eds.: Wang Y.W., Choi C.K.), 549-555, Manchester, U.K., 2007.
(Schleich et al., 1999a) Schleich J.-B., Cajot L.-G., Pierre M., Brasseur M., Franssen J.-M., Kruppa J. et al., “Development of Design Rules for Steel Structures Subjected to Natural Fires in Closed Car Parks”, European Commission, C.E.C. Research 7210- SA/518. Final Report EUR 18867 EN, 154p, 1999.
(Schleich et al., 1999b) Schleich J.B., Cajot L.G., Pierre M., Brasseur M., Franssen J.M., Kruppa J., Joyeux D., Twilt L., Van Oerle J., Aurtenetxe G. “Development of design rules for steel structures subjected to natural fires in large compartments”. European Commission, Contract no 7210-SA/211/318/518/620/933, 1999.
(Schneider and Lange, 2009) Schneider R, Lange J. Constitutive equations of structural steel S460 at high temperatures. In: Nordic steel construction conference, Sweden; 2009. p. 204–11.
(Simões da Silva et al., 2001) Simões da Silva L., Santiago A., Vila Real P., “A component model for the behaviour of steel joints at elevated temperatures”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 57, 1169-1195, 2001.
(Simões da Silva et al., 2002) Simoes da Silva L., Santiago A., Vila Real P., “Post-limit stiffness and ductility of end-plate beam-to-column steel joints”, Computers & Structures 80, 515–531, 2002.
(Simões da Silva et al., 2003) Simões da Silva L, Neves L, Baniotopoulos L, Perdikaris P, Zygomalas M, Bosiljkov V, et al. “Evaluation of structural robustness of members and connections”, In: Simões da Silva L, Mendes J, editors. Proceedings of the COST C12 seminar on improvement of building’s structural quality by new technologies, European Commission, Brussels; 2003. p. 155–74.
(Simões da Silva et al., 2004) Simões da Silva L, Lima L, Vellasco P, Andrade S. Behaviour of flush end-plate beam-to-column joints subjected to bending and axial force. Int J Steel Compos Struct;4(2):77–94, 2004.
(Simões da Silva et al., 2005) Simões da Silva L., Santiago A., Vila Real P., Moore D. “Behaviour of steel joints under fire loading”. The Second International Conference on Steel and Composite Structures, Seoul, Korea, September 2-4, 2004; International Journal of Steel and Composite Structures 5(6), 485-513, 2005.
(Simões da Silva et al., 2013) Simões da Silva L., Santiago A., Lopes F., Veljkovic M., Heistermann T., Iqbal N., Wald F., Jána T., et al., “Design of composite joints for improved fire robustness”, Final Technical Report, COMPFIRE project RFSR-CT- 2009-00021, 2013.
(Sokol, 2009) Sokol, Z., “Report 3.2.2.2-13 - Simplified Model For Temperature Prediction Of Columns”, Prague: CIDEAS, 2009.
(Sulong, 2007) Ramli Sulong N.H. “Structural fire performance of steel connections”. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK, 2007.
(Tonicello et al., 2012) Tonicello E., Vassart O., Zanon R., Franssen J.-M. “Structural fire design and optimization of a building”, Structural Engineering International 4, pp.541-544, 2012.
(Tondini et al., 2014) Tondini N., Morbioli A., Vassart O., Lechêne S., Franssen J.-M., “An integrated modelling strategy between FDS and SAFIR: The analysis of the fire performance of a composite steel-concrete open car park”, in Li G.-Q., Kodur V. K. R., Jiang S.-C., Jiang J., Chen S.-W., Lou G.-B. (Eds.) - 8th International Conference on Structures in Fire, Shanghai, China, June 11-13, pp.927-934, 2014.
(Vassart et al., 2011) Vassart O, Zanon R, Thauvoye C, Cajot LG. New Analytical Model for the Calculation of Steel Columns Subjected to Localised Fire. SEWC, Como, Italy, 2011.
(Vila Real and Franssen, 2010) Vila Real, P., Franssen, J. M. – Elefir-EN V1.2.3, Software for fire design of steel structural members according the Eurocode 3, 2010. http://elefiren.web.ua.pt.
(Vlassis et al., 2008) Vlassis A.G., Izzuddin B.A., Elghazouli A.Y., Nethercot D.A. “Progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings due to sudden column loss – Part II: application”, Engineering Structures 30, 1424-1438, 2008.
(Wainman and Kirby, 1988) Wainman D.E., Kirby B.R. “Compendium of UK standard fire test data, unprotected structural steel — 1”. Ref. No. RS/RSC/S10328/1/87/B. Rotherham (UK): Swinden Laboratories, British Steel Corporation, 1988.
(Wald et al., 2009) Wald F., Chlouba J., Uhlír A., Kallerová P., Stujberová M. “Temperatures during fire tests on structure and its prediction according to Eurocodes”. Fire Safety Journal, p. 135–146, 2009.
(Wang, 2002) Wang Y.C. “Steel and composite structures – Behaviour and design for fire safety”. Spon Press, 2002.
(Yang and Tan, 2011a) Yang B., Tan K.H., “Different types of steel joints under catenary action – Part 1: Experimental Tests”, 6th European Conference on Steel and Composite Structures, EUROSTEEL, Budapest, Hungary, pp.291-296, 2011.
(Yang and Tan, 2011b) Yang B., Tan K.H., “Different types of steel joints under catenary action – Part 2: Numerical Simulations”, 6th European Conference on Steel and Composite Structures, EUROSTEEL, Budapest, Hungary, pp.297-302, 2011.
(Yang and Tan, 2012) Yang B., Tan K.H., “Numerical analyses of steel beam-column joints subjected to catenary action”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 70, 1-11, 2012.
(Yang and Tan, 2013) Yang B., Tan K.H., “Experimental tests of different types of bolted steel beam-column joints under a central-column-removal scenario”, Engineering Structures 54, p.112-130, 2013.
(Yu et al., 2008) Hongxia Yu, I. W. Burgess, J.B. Davison, R.J. Plank, “Numerical simulation of bolted steel connections in fire using explicit dynamic analysis”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 64 (5), p. 515-525, 2008.
(Zhang et al., 2014) Zhang C., Gross J. L., Choe L., “Behavior of steel components subjected to localized fire”, in Li G.-Q., Kodur V. K. R., Jiang S.-C., Jiang J., Chen S.-W., Lou G.-B. (Eds.) - 8th International Conference on Structures in Fire, Shanghai, China, June 11-13, pp.171-178, 2014.
(Zhao and Kruppa, 2004) Zhao B., Kruppa J. “Structural behaviour of an open car park under real fire scenarios”. Second International Workshop “Structures in Fire” - Christchurch – March 2002; Fire and Materials, 28, 269-280, 2004.
(Zhao et al., 2011) Zhao B., Roosefid M., Breunese A., Koutlas G., Zilli G., Franssen J.M., Hanus F. “Connections of Steel and Composite Structures under Natural Fire Conditions (COSSFIRE)”. Contract number RFSR-CT-2006-00028, Final report, EUR 25046 EN, 2011.
(Zoetemeijer, 1974) Zoetemeijer, P. “A design method for tension side of statically-loaded bolted beam-to-column joints”, Heron, 20(1), pp. 1-59, 1974.

Files

2015_phd_CecileHaremza_2014_Corr.pdf

<< back